Hydroponics is a cultivation method that liberates plant root systems from soil, replacing it with a precisely formulated nutrient solution to supply water and nutrients; through closed or semi-closed water management systems, environmental control and sterile operations, it achieves efficient use of water and fertilisers, sustained high yields and consistent quality control, making it particularly suitable for leafy vegetables and high-value crops. The core of hydroponics lies in precise nutrient formulations, the management of dissolved oxygen and temperature in the root zone, and rigorous d