Soil/growing medium moisture sensors (frequency domain/resistance/capacitance/tensiometers) Conductivity (EC) and pH Sensors (Nutrient Solution Monitoring) Temperature and Humidity Sensors, Leaf Temperature/Leaf Water Potential or Transpiration Sensors Light (PAR) and CO₂ Sensors (Crop Water Requirement Estimation) Flow Meters, Pressure Sensors and Water Level Gauges (Pipeline Network and Tank Monitoring) Rain Gauges and Wind Speed/Direction Sensors (Outdoor Environments around Greenhouses and Net Houses) Online Pollution and Microbial Monitoring