Sensors (temperature and humidity, CO₂, light, soil/growing medium moisture, EC/pH, flow rate), cameras (RGB/NIR/multispectral/thermal imaging), equipment logs, meteorological data, satellite/aerial imagery, market/order data, experimental phenotypic data. Physical mechanism models, statistical/regression models, time series forecasting (LSTM/Transformer), reinforcement learning (policy optimisation), MPC, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), digital image analysis (crop monitoring/disease detection), causal analysis/Bayesian networks.